Aflatoxin contamination of GroundnutDr Farid WaliyarPeter Craufurd, T Yellamanda Reddy, Tim Wheeler, K Subramanyam, A Subramaniam, Balaraju, Gareth McGay, A Brown, R S S Hopper 1) Introduction2) Importance of aflatoxin 3) Groundnut and other by products4) Health 5) Market 6) Detection of aflatoxins IntroductionAflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus / A. parasiticus a) Effect of aflatoxin on cropsb) Many crops are affected c) Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton, Chili etc.. d) Can occur at all levels of crop production: Pre-harvest, harvest, and storagee) Deteriorate qualityf) Oil/groundnut cakeg) Contaminated food / feed can affect human and animal healthh) Important for International tradei) Contamination in haulms i) Small pods not collected a) Fed to the cattle ii) Affect animal Health a) Haulms/pods ii) 31% contained >30 µ g/kg (30-3964 µ g/kg)Aflatoxin in Milk 1) Cattle fed with contaminated feeds - Haulms - Groundnut or cotton cakes - Maize2) Aflatoxin B1 ? M1 - Just as toxic - ELISA test developed (antibodies)3) As the main source of contamination are small pods Aflatoxin M1 can be present in the milk4) Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods showed 22.5% of samples had >0.5 ng/L of AFM1Effects of Aflatoxin on health 1) Adverse effects on human health and livestock.2) Blood tests have shown that very high percentage of the population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins.3) Human beings and Livestock - Cattle - Poultry - Deleterious effects - Teratogenic - Immunosuppressive 4) Many times enhanced in the presence of hepatitis B and C - viruses - CarcinogenicCancers with p53 mutation (NIMS) - Lung- Liver- Pancreas- Colon- Ovary etc..The confounding factors- Hepatitis B and C- Malnutrition- Alcoholic liver diseaseMarketability- Limiting factor for exports to developed countries- Regulations are stringent - 4 µ g/kg <: EU - None: Japan - Local market and health Estimation of aflatoxins- Cost-effective technologies required- DFID-flexibility fund- ELISA for aflatoxin detection was developed which reduced the estimation cost
a) Effect of aflatoxin on cropsb) Many crops are affected c) Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton, Chili etc.. d) Can occur at all levels of crop production: Pre-harvest, harvest, and storagee) Deteriorate qualityf) Oil/groundnut cakeg) Contaminated food / feed can affect human and animal healthh) Important for International tradei) Contamination in haulms i) Small pods not collected a) Fed to the cattle ii) Affect animal Health a) Haulms/pods ii) 31% contained >30 µ g/kg (30-3964 µ g/kg)Aflatoxin in Milk 1) Cattle fed with contaminated feeds - Haulms - Groundnut or cotton cakes - Maize2) Aflatoxin B1 ? M1 - Just as toxic - ELISA test developed (antibodies)3) As the main source of contamination are small pods Aflatoxin M1 can be present in the milk4) Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods showed 22.5% of samples had >0.5 ng/L of AFM1Effects of Aflatoxin on health 1) Adverse effects on human health and livestock.2) Blood tests have shown that very high percentage of the population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins.3) Human beings and Livestock - Cattle - Poultry - Deleterious effects - Teratogenic - Immunosuppressive 4) Many times enhanced in the presence of hepatitis B and C - viruses - CarcinogenicCancers with p53 mutation (NIMS) - Lung- Liver- Pancreas- Colon- Ovary etc..The confounding factors- Hepatitis B and C- Malnutrition- Alcoholic liver diseaseMarketability- Limiting factor for exports to developed countries- Regulations are stringent - 4 µ g/kg <: EU - None: Japan - Local market and health Estimation of aflatoxins- Cost-effective technologies required- DFID-flexibility fund- ELISA for aflatoxin detection was developed which reduced the estimation cost
Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
Post - harvest technologies 1) English 2) French 3) Hindi
